Incidence of urinary retention and relations between patient's complaint, physical examination, and bladder ultrasound / Incidencia de la retención urinaria y relaciones entre queja del paciente, examen físico y ultrasonografía vesical / Incidência de retenção urinária e relações entre queixa do paciente, exame físico e ultrassonografia vesical

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the frequency of urinary complaints, bladder globe, and need for bladder relief catheterization according to ultrasound; to investigate the relationship between the urinary volume estimated by ultrasound and the one drained in catheterization; and to describe the relationship of patient's complaints and detection of bladder globe with the diagnosis of urinary retention. Method A cross-sectional study with clinical patients with suspected urinary retention in a tertiary hospital, conducted from February to September 2018. Urinary volume ≥500 mL in ultrasound was considered urinary retention. Results Two hundred and five evaluations were performed in 44 patients. Urinary retention was detected by ultrasound in 33.2% of the evaluations. There was a strong correlation between ultrasound and bladder catheterization. There was a higher frequency of identification of bladder globe in urinary volumes ≥300 mL. Conclusion The incidence of urinary retention was higher when ultrasound was used for the diagnosis, when compared to patient's complaint and physical examination. Ultrasound showed to be accurate in establishing urinary volume.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la frecuencia de las quejas urinarias, el globo vesical y la necesidad del cateterismo de la vejiga por ultrasonido; verificar la relación entre el volumen urinario estimado por ultrasonido y drenado en el cateterismo y describir la relación entre las quejas de los pacientes y la detección de globo vesical y el diagnóstico de retención urinaria. Método Estudio transversal con pacientes clínicos con sospecha de retención urinaria, realizado entre febrero y septiembre de 2018 en un hospital de nivel terciario. El volumen urinario ≥500 mL en el ultrasonido se consideró retención urinaria. Resultados Se realizaron 205 evaluaciones en 44 pacientes. La retención urinaria se detectó por ultrasonido en el 33,2% de las evaluaciones. Hubo una fuerte correlación entre el ultrasonido y el cateterismo vesical. Se registró una mayor frecuencia de identificación de globo vesical en volúmenes urinarios superiores a 300 mL. Conclusión La incidencia de la RU fue mayor cuando se empleó ultrasonografía para el diagnóstico, comparado con la queja del paciente y el examen físico. La ultrasonografía se mostró precisa en determinar el volumen urinario.

RESUMO Objetivos Descrever frequência de queixas urinárias, globo vesical e necessidade de cateterismo vesical de alívio a partir da realização da ultrassonografia; verificar relação entre volume urinário estimado pela ultrassonografia e drenado no cateterismo e descrever relação entre queixas dos pacientes e detecção de globo vesical com o diagnóstico de retenção urinária. Método Estudo transversal com pacientes clínicos com suspeita de retenção urinária, no período de fevereiro a setembro de 2018, em um hospital terciário. Volume urinário ≥500mL na ultrassonografia foi considerado retenção urinária. Resultados Realizaram-se 205 avaliações, em 44 pacientes. Detectou-se retenção urinária pela ultrassonografia em 33,2% das avaliações. Houve forte correlação entre ultrassonografia e cateterismo vesical. Verificou-se maior frequência de identificação de globo vesical em volumes urinários ≥300mL. Conclusão Incidência de retenção urinária foi maior quando a ultrassonografia foi empregada para o diagnóstico, quando comparado à queixa do paciente e exame físico. Ultrassonografia mostrou-se precisa em determinar volume urinário.

Evidências científicas das práticas de diagnóstico da retenção urinária: scoping review / Scientific evidence of urinary retention diagnostic practices: scoping review / Evidencias científicas de las prácticas de diagnóstico de la retención urinaria: scoping review

Objetivo: identificar evidências científicas sobre as práticas para o diagnóstico da retenção urinária. Método: trata-se de uma Scoping Review. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library e SCOPUS. Das 2482 referências encontradas, 23 foram selecionadas. Resultados: os 23 artigos que foram agrupados de acordo com a clínica do paciente: clínica cirúrgica, clínica de reabilitação e clínica obstétrica. E as práticas utilizadas para o diagnóstico da retenção urinária: cateterismo urinário de alívio, por meio do ultrassom portátil de bexiga, com a associação do ultrassom portátil de bexiga e do cateterismo urinário e/ou com medidas não invasivas. Conclusão: o diagnóstico da retenção urinária é um assunto que vem sendo discutido há algum tempo, no entanto, ainda não há um consenso, e a sua prática é realizada muitas vezes sem eficácia.

Objective: to identify scientific evidence on urinary retention diagnostic practices. Method: this scoping review searched the Latin American & Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library and SCOPUS databases. Of the 2482 references found, 23 were selected. Results: the 23 articles were grouped by patient clinic (surgery, rehabilitation or obstetrics) and by urinary retention diagnostic practices (intermittent urinary catheterization, by portable bladder ultrasound, combination of portable bladder ultrasound and urinary catheterization and/ or non-invasive measures). Conclusion: diagnosis of urinary retention is an issue that has been discussed for some time. However, there is still no consensus, and in practice it is often performed ineffectively.

Objetivo:identificar evidencias científicas sobre las prácticas para el diagnóstico de la retención urinaria. Método: se trata de una Scoping Review. Se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Web of Science, National Library of Medicine, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library y SCOPUS. De las 2482 referencias encontradas, se seleccionaron 23. Resultados: los 23 artículos se agruparon según la clínica del paciente: clínica quirúrgica, clínica de rehabilitación y clínica de obstetricia. Y las prácticas utilizadas para el diagnóstico de retención urinaria: cateterismo urinario de alivio, a través de ecografía (portátil) de vejiga, con la combinación de ecografía de vejiga y del cateterismo urinario y/o con medidas no invasivas. Conclusión: el diagnóstico de la retención urinaria es un tema que está siendo discutido desde hace algún tiempo, sin embargo, todavía no existe un consenso y su práctica se realiza a menudo ineficazmente.

Are uroflowmetry and post - void residual urine tests necessary in children with primary nocturnal enuresis?

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine the benefits of repetitive uroflowmetry and post void residual urine (PVR) tests in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE). Material and methods: Children aged ≥6 years with PNE who visited our clinics for management of enuresis were included for study. Patients were requested to complete a questionnaire including baseline characteristics and Dysfunctional Voiding Symptom Score (DVSS), 2-day bladder diary, and Rome III criteria for constipation. Two uroflowmetry and PVR tests were requested. Children with congenital or neurogenic genitourinary tract disorders were excluded. All children underwent urotherapy and desmopressin combined with anticholinergics or laxatives if indicated. The definition of abnormal flow patterns (≥1 abnormal), elevated PVR (≥1 abnormal), small maximal voided volume (MVV), nocturnal polyuria (NP) and response to treatment complied with the ICCS standardization document. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional-hazards regression tests were used to evaluate the predictors of response. Results: In total, 100 children aged 8.5±2.3 years were enrolled for study (M: F=66:34) with 7.3±7.4 months of follow-up. Poor correlation was observed between DVSS/small MVV and PVR (p>0.05). Univariate analysis revealed that elevated PVR is associated with significantly less hazard of complete response to medical treatment (HR: 0.52, p=0.03), while not significantly associated with abnormal flow patterns, NP, constipation or small MVV. Multivariate analysis revealed that only elevated PVR (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.80) and NP (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.10-7.28) were significant predictors for complete response. Conclusions: In managing pediatric enuresis, elevated PVR is a significant predictor for lower chance of complete response to treatment whether they had high DVSS or not.

Characteristics of urinary retention in female inpatients managed with medical treatments

PURPOSE: We aimed to analyze the characteristics of urinary retention (UR) in female inpatients managed with medical treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of female inpatients referred to the department of urology for UR at our institution from January 2009, to December 2014. UR was defined as a difficulty in self-voiding despite a sufficient urine volume or >300-mL postvoid residual. The data included patients' age, body mass index (BMI), ambulatory status, medical and surgical history, classes of taking drugs, and urinary tract infection. RESULTS: A total of 182 women were included as retention group, mean age of 72.64±12.94 years and BMI of 22.94±3.10 kg/m2. In the chi-square analysis, cardiovascular disorders (p=0.000), diabetes mellitus (p=0.008), metastatic malignancy (p=0.008), chronic renal disorders (p=0.028) were found significantly. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, cardiovascular disorders (p=0.002; odds ratio [OR], 0.491), metastatic malignancy (p=0.013; OR, 2.616) were found to increase the risk of UR. The most common surgical history was anti-incontinence surgery (7.2%). In term of medication use, the most prescribed agents were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (53.8%). The patients taking multiple drugs with antimuscarinic effects except of NSAIDs, narcotics and diuretics were 48 (26.4%). Urinary tract infection was identified in 43 patients (23.6%). CONCLUSIONS: UR in females managed with medical treatments could be occurred occasionally. We think that thorough attentions are needed for UR to patients with cardiovascular disorders including diabetes mellitus, metastatic malignancy, chronic renal disorders urinary tract infection, and more careful interests when managing with drugs with antimuscarinic effects.

Analysis of voiding dysfunction after transobturator tape procedure for stress urinary incontinence

PURPOSE: The definition of posttransobturator tape procedure (post-TOT) voiding dysfunction (VD) is inconsistent in the literature. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the risk factors for post-TOT VD by applying various definitions in one cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 449 patients were evaluated postoperatively. Acute urinary retention requiring catheterization, subjective feeling of voiding difficulty during follow-up, and postoperative postvoid residual (PVR) greater than 100 mL or PVR greater than 50% of voided volume (significant PVR) were adopted for the definition of VD. With these categories, multivariate analysis was performed for risk factors of postoperative VD. RESULTS: Ten patients (2.2%) required catheterization, 47 (10.5%) experienced postoperative voiding difficulty, and 63 (14.7%) showed significant PVR. In the multivariate logistic analysis, independent risk factors for postoperative retention requiring catheterization were previous retention history (p=0.06) and preoperative history of hysterectomy. Risk factors for subjective postoperative voiding difficulty were underactive detrusor (p=0.04) and preoperative obstructive voiding symptoms (p<0.01). Previous urinary retention history (p<0.01)) was an independent risk factor for concomitant postoperative voiding difficulty and significant PVR. Spinal anesthesia (p=0.02) and previous urinary retention history (p=0.02) were independent risk factors for significant postoperative PVR. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of several definitions of VD after the midurethral sling procedure, postoperative peak flow rate and PVR were significantly different between groups. Although there were no independent risk factors consistent with various definitions of VD, preoperative obstructive voiding symptoms and objective parameters suggesting impaired detrusor tend to have predictive power for post-TOT VD.

The Urologist's View of Male Overactive Bladder: Discrepancy between Reality and Belief in Practical Setting

PURPOSE: In order to gain insight into the physicians' awareness of and attitude towards management of overactive bladder (OAB) in males, we performed a nationwide survey of the current strategies that urologists use to diagnose and manage OAB in male patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A probability sample was taken from the Korean Urological Association Registry of Physicians, and a random sample of 289 Korean urologists were mailed a structured questionnaire that explored how they manage benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). RESULTS: A total of 185 completed questionnaires were returned. The consent rate in the survey was 64.5%. Eighty-one (44%) urologists believed that of all males with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), 20% or more had OAB and 72 (39%) believed that 10-20% had OAB. Half of the urologists surveyed believed that the most bothersome symptom in male OAB patients was nocturia. Seventy-three percent of respondents reported that they prescribed alpha blockers with anticholinergics for first line management, while 19% of urologists prescribed alpha blocker monotherapy but not anticholinergics for OAB patients. Though acute urinary retention (AUR) was considered the anticholinergic adverse event of most concern, the most frequently observed adverse event was dry mouth (95%). CONCLUSION: The present study provides insights into urologist views of male OAB. There is a discrepancy between the awareness of urologists and actual patterns of diagnosis and treatment of male OAB. This finding indicates the need to develop further practical guidelines based on solid clinical data.

Alteraciones electromiográficas en la retención de orina masculina / Abnormal urethral EMG in urinary retention in man

Fowler y col. en 1988 describieron una entidad en mujeres jóvenes con retención de orina en las cuales la EMG de esfínter uretral revelaba la presencia de descargas pseudomiotónicas. Bertotti y col. en el año 2002 describieron este tipo de actividad anormal en uretra y otros músculos pelvianos en mujeres pre y post menopáusicas denominándola descargas repetitivas anormales. El objetivo comunicar la presencia de actividad repetitiva anormal en uretra mascullina en hombres con Retención de orina

Intermittent bladder urinary retention in a young woman: an unusual presentation of partial urethral duplication

A singular case of female accessory urethra associated to a mobile bladder stone with an unusual clinical presentation is reported. The role of perineal ultrasound is emphasized as a useful diagnostic tool to study female urethra in a static and dynamic setting, including cases of partial or complete urethral duplication.

High pressure chronic retention: a life-threatening clinical entity.

OBJECTIVES: To report our experience with high pressure chronic retention (HPCR), a clinical syndrome with potentially disastrous consequences. DESIGN: A prospective hospital based descriptive study. Setting A urology unit at the National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Patients Forty seven consecutive new patients with HPCR evaluated during a 2-year period. RESULTS: Of the 47 (39 male) patients, 15 (32%) were below 50 years of age. Nocturnal enuresis was encountered in 32 (68%) patients, and a tense, non-tender distended bladder found in all 47 patients. Hypertension was recorded in 25.5% of the patients. Bilateral hydroureteronephrosis was detected on ultrasonography in nearly 80% of the patients, and renal impairment was found in 20 (42.5%). The mean retained volume was 968 mL. Seven (15%) patients developed post-obstructive diuresis. Eight women (mean age 47.5 years, range 30-70 years) had HPCR. Four had no obvious cause. Six (75%) had adult onset nocturnal enuresis. Renal impairment was found in four (50%) patients. Post-obstructive diuresis was recorded in two women. CONCLUSIONS: HPCR, a clinical entity known to affect the elderly in the West, was found to affect a relatively young patient group in Sri Lanka. The symptom of adult-onset nocturnal enuresis should alert the clinician to the possibility of HPCR. Renal failure is common at initial presentation. Urethral catheterization could lead to life-endangering diuresis. We describe eight women with this entity, hitherto unreported in the medical literature.

Acute urinary retention in children

Acute urinary retention in children is a relatively rare entity. There are a variety of causes that are poorly defined in the literature. We review our cases of acute urinary retention in children at three major pediatrics centers in Iran. Between 1996 and 2003, children [up to 14 years old] who had been referred due to acute urinary retention were examined. Urinary retention was defined as inability to empty the bladder volitionally for more than 12 hours with a urine volume greater than expected for age or a palpably distended bladder. All data from the patients' past medical history, physical examination, and laboratory and radiographic assessments were collected. Also, cystourethroscopy and urodynamic procedures had been carried out according to patient's conditions. Patients with secondary urinary retention, including those with surgical history, immobility or chronic neurological disorders, mental retardation, and drugs or narcotics consumption were excluded from study. There were 86 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, consisting of 58 males with a median age of 4 years [range 1 month to 14 years] and 58 females with a median age of 4 years [range 4 month to 14 years]. Etiologies were lower urinary tract stone in 27.9%, neurological disorders in 10.4%, trauma in 10.4%, local inflammatory causes in 9.1%, urinary tract infection in 7.4%, ureterocele in 7.4%, benign obstructing lesions in 5.8%, iatrogenic in 5.8%, constipation in 4.6%, imperforated hymen in 3.5%, and large prostate utricle, urethral foreign body, and rhabdomyosarcoma each in 1 case [1.1%]. The most common cause of acute urinary retention was lower urinary tract stone in our pediatric cases. Ureterocele and stone were the main findings in girls and boys, respectively, and urinary retention in boys was twice as prevalent as that in girls

Voiding dysfunction and urodynamic abnormalities in elderly patients

Disfunções do trato urinário inferior são uma causa importante de morbidade e diminuição da qualidade de vida em homens e mulheres idosos. Com o envelhecimento progressivo da população, é importante compreender os distúrbios miccionais mais comuns nesta população. A maioria dos problemas miccionais em homens idosos tem origem multifatorial, requerendo uma avaliação ampla dos órgãos do trato urinário inferior, da capacidade funcional e neurológica dos pacientes e dos problemas clínicos coexistentes. A avaliação urodinâmica é uma ferramenta importante na investigação de pacientes idosos com sintomas do trato urinário inferior. Ela não é necessária em todos os casos e só deve ser indicada após a exclusão de problemas não urológicos e potencialmente reversíveis que poderiam causar ou contribuir para os sintomas miccionais. Embora os exames urodinâmicos possam revelar diagnósticos comuns como obstrução vesical ou incontinência urinária de esforço, na população idosa é freqüente a ocorrência de achados como hiperatividade detrusora e falência da contratilidade vesical, com implicações prognósticas e terapêuticas importantes. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os problemas urológicos mais comuns nos idosos e discutir as indicações e características dos exames urodinâmicos nestas condições.